A Study on Operant and Classical Conditioning - 1477 Words

Operant and Classical Conditioning Classical conditioning best explains reflective responding that is largely controlled by stimuli preceding the response, while operant conditioning is the kind of learning influenced by stimulus events that follow the responses. (Weiten). In operant conditioning, reinforcement is defined as after the fact. Reinforcement follows a response and increases tendency to make the response. In classical conditioning, the reinforcement comes before the response is made and increases tendency to make the response. A middle school teacher intercepted a note that contained personal information, read it out loud, and the student the note was intended for leaves the class and school, feels sick at going to school the next day, and becomes ill at the thought of the teacher. This is a classical conditioning case. (Daniels, 2009). If the students behavior had happened before the teacher intercepted the note and read it out loud, it would have been a case of operant conditioning. In classical conditioning, the students reaction to the teacher, classroom, and the school is a conditioned response and creates a physiological reaction. In operant conditioning, the teachers reaction to the students behavior, if reversed, would have been conditioned and creates a physiological reaction. Operant responding is controlled by consequences as response-outcomes (R-O) are learned. In operant conditioning the students response can be considered a consequenceShow MoreRelatedClassical Operant Conditioning Case Study1686 Words   |  7 Pagesrelationships, cultural influences and biological factors (Rohsenow, 2016). Each of the case studies that are talked about the CBT approach and how it applies to a substance related disorder. This paper talks about classical, operant conditioning, social learning as it applies to a substance disorder. As well as the CBT approach and how it applies to someone who has a substance disorder. Classical conditioning- is a learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired; Pavlov determinedRead MoreClassical and Operant Conditioning Case Study1357 Words   |  6 Pagesthat occur close in time. When an organism learns to make associations, it is being conditioned. There are two types of conditioning. Operant conditioning is when an organism associates an action and the consequence of that action. It results in the organism adapting its behavior to maximize rewards and minimize punishment (Skinner). On the other hand, classical conditioning is a type of learning where an organism associates a certain stimulus and the response to it with a different stimulus.Read MorePhobias1174 Words   |  5 Pagesdeveloped through operant conditioning and how addictions can be developed through operant conditioning. This essay also examines the distinctions between classical and operant condition and examines â€Å"extinction† as it relates to psychological theory and how extinction is achieved in classical and operant conditioning. Phobias and Addictions Numerous psychologists believe that behaviors are learned through conditioning. These conditionings are known as operant, which is based onRead MorePavlov s Classical Conditioning Vs. Operant Conditioning1172 Words   |  5 PagesPavlov’s Classical Conditioning vs. B.F. Skinner’s Operant Conditioning Bhavika D. Patel Atlantic Community College Abstract Ivan Pavlov and B.F. Skinner both studied learning, in which they both did different experiments on different animals and with different conditioning. Classical conditioning is the process in which two stimuli become linked; once this association has been recognized, an originally neutral stimulus is conditioned to provoke an involuntary response. The dogs in Pavlov’s studiesRead MoreWatsons Classical Conditioning Research Essay996 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is Watson’s Classical Conditioning? Classical Conditioning was found by Dr. Ivan Pavlov. Watson’s research was influenced by Pavlov’s Classical Conditioning Theory. Watson made a research on children’s emotions using the Classical Conditioning model. According to Watson, love, fear, and anger are the three kinds of emotions inherited by humans (Hall 1988). He believed these emotions could be learned through conditioning. He formed his hypothesis and carried out an experiment. John BRead MoreThe Process of Conditioning963 Words   |  4 PagesFlorida Sahay Professor Griffin Psychology 1101 Fall 2009 The Conditioning Process It was raining when Sarah was driving home from work. Both she and the driver of the car in front of her were speeding. The car in front of her had immediately braked. There was not enough distance between that car and her own car to safely slow to a stop, so she had quickly switched lanes to avoid a car accident. Instead, the slick pavement caused her car to swerve out of control. When her car finallyRead MorePavlov s Classical Conditioning And Skinner s Operant Conditioning1243 Words   |  5 PagesTaSheena Moore 2/4/2016 PSY 110 Pavlov’s Classical Conditioning and Skinner’s Operant Conditioning Learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience. There are two types of learning, associative learning and cognitive learning. Associative learning occurs when a person or an animal forms a simple association among various stimuli, behaviors, or both. It requires little to no awareness or thought. Cognitive learning refers to understanding, knowing, and anticipating. Our subjectRead MoreClassical Conditioning And Operant Conditioning1492 Words   |  6 Pages To expand upon the concepts of the two forms of conditioning listed above, three additional principals not previously listed for the sake of convenience are present in both forms of conditioning; these three principals-extinction, spontaneous recovery, and stimulus discrimination-are among the number of basic principals of conditioning that are found in most forms of conditioning. To explain, Extinction refers to the process by which the steady weakening or diminishment of a conditioned responseRead MoreEssay Operant Conditioning1743 Words   |  7 PagesPavlov Classical conditioning is a method used in behavioral studies. It is known as classical because it is the first study of laws of learning/conditioning, It is a learned reaction that you do when evoked by a stimulus. Ivan Pavlov was the scientist who discovered classical conditioning. Ivan Pavlov was born in Russia. He lived from 1849 - 1936 . Pavlov’s field of study was physiology and natural science. One of Pavlov’s discoveries was the conditioning of dogs. While workingRead MoreClassical And Operant Conditioning And The Field Of Psychology997 Words   |  4 PagesHow have studies of classical and operant conditioning contributed to the field of psychology? In this essay I will outline the main principles of both operant and classical conditioning methods and discuss what both theories have contributed to the field of psychology and what they have taught us about the way in which some human behaviour occurs. Classical conditioning, also known as Pavlovian conditioning (Davis, S. F., Buskist, W. (2008). 21st century psychology: a reference handbook Page

Chaser Free Essays

Philosophy 6: Ethical Issues in Business Midterm Essay Chase Novak Dr. Parker Need or Greed? New Protocol: How Drug’s Rebirth as Treatment for Cancer Fueled Price Rises Immanuel Kant-Kantian Deontology John Locke- The Justification of Private Property Adam Smith-Benefits of the Profit Motive Milton Friedman- The Social Responsibility of Business Is to Increase Its Profits Thesis: An examination of the case study New Protocol: How Drug’s Rebirth as Treatment for Cancer Fueled Price Rises relies heavily on a keen understanding of the social and economic implications of a capitalist system, and once taken into account it is clear that Celgene Corp. is justified in raising prices based on the business market philosophies asserted by Adam Smith, Milton Friedman, Emanuel Kant, and John Locke. We will write a custom essay sample on Chaser or any similar topic only for you Order Now Word Count: 1690 Perhaps the most difficult situation in business arises when the indigent desire the product being sold. Political pressure is often put on the company to lower prices in order to accommodate the less fortunate consumer, however, this is in direct conflict with the company’s paramount goal of making the largest profit possible. Issues are increasingly complex given the supply-demand aspects of society and the incentive for production. For these reasons approaches to business that emphasize profit over availability can indeed help society in many ways. Upon the question of ethics one must view the entire market as a whole and the benefits of competition when deciding a fair price. An examination of the case study New Protocol: How Drug’s Rebirth as Treatment for Cancer Fueled Price Rises relies heavily on a keen understanding of the social and economic implications of a capitalist system, and once taken into account it is clear that Celgene Corp. is justified in raising prices based on the business market philosophies asserted by Adam Smith, Milton Friedman, Emanuel Kant, and John Locke. Celgene’s decision to raise prices is complex and though at first glance may appear to be fueled by greed it is in fact a necessary and beneficial step in Celgene’s continued production of the medicine thalidomide along with researching other medical advances. Celgene Corp. ’s decision to incrementally raise prices is justified by Adam Smith’s free market philosophy in which he describes competitive production as the main force behind societal development and improvement. Though there has been little affect to the cost of production for thalidomide, the nature of free market production dictated the rise in price. This, according to Smith is a natural element of the free market, â€Å"As every individual [†¦] endeavors as much as he can both to employ his capital in the support of domestic industry, and so to direct that industry that its produce may be of the greatest value, every individual necessarily labors to render the annual revenue of the society as great as he can† (Donaldson, 167). In this quotation, Smith is explaining how every individual’s personal strive for success, in the form of production, helps to improve society as a whole. If each individual’s ultimate goal is to increase their wealth, and if increased wealth is sought through improved production, then the competition for wealth will undoubtedly result in improved production. Improved production can mean either cheaper manufacturing, resulting in lower costs for the consumer, or a better product, which will also help society. Smith continues on to say that this competition is self-perpetuating and that the profit made off of production is reinvested to further improve manufacturing. Evidence of this can be observed in the Celgene Corp. aising of prices on thalidomide which resulted in, â€Å"The ability to [†¦] fund the pharmaceutical industry’s research and development programs, which bring new medicines to patients† (Donaldson, 151). This can be further proven by the fact that Celgene’s RD department uses almost half of the company’s revenue (Donaldson, 154). In this example, Celgene is able to provide consumer s with newer and more effective medication as a result of its competitive pricing of thalidomide. Though many critics of Celgene would call the corporation’s decision to raise prices a genuinely greedy and selfish act, Smith sees nothing wrong with such a move. On this issue Smith states that an individuals self-centered motives often improve society: â€Å"By pursuing his own interests he frequently promotes that of the society more effectually than when he really intends to promote it† (Donaldson, 167). Given Celgene’s perceived self-centered actions, Smith would note that this type of free market behavior is positive and is guided by an â€Å"invisible hand† which helps such behavior to be beneficial to society as a whole. The next philosopher to be examined would argue that the â€Å"invisible hand† that Smith speaks of is indeed separate from the political realm. Milton Friedman continues with Smith’s line of logic as he asserts that the chief concern of the businessman must be to make a profit under socially acceptable means and that the defining of â€Å"social responsibilities† must be left in the political sphere. Celgene’s chief executive, John Jackson, was the primary force behind the company’s decision to raise prices. Jackson’s actions are perfectly ethical according to Friedman who writes, â€Å"What does it mean to say that the corporate executive has a â€Å"social responsibility† in his capacity as a businessman? If this statement is not pure rhetoric, it must mean that he is to act in some way that is not in the interest of his employers† (Donaldson, 35). Jackson answers to a board that represents the stockholders of the company and it is his ethical obligation to them to make a profit. Celgene was losing money until 2002, which obviously necessitated an increase in price (Donaldson, 153). Jackson’s move to incrementally increase the price of thalidomide was not unethical because he has an obligation to stockholders to deliver a profit. Furthermore, Friedman asserts that it is not the corporate executive’s job to act as a moral entrepreneur as he is ill fit to do so. Friedman stresses that calls for executives to act â€Å"socially responsible† are unethical as socially impactful decisions, such as price adjustment, must be left up to publically elected officials with knowledge of the social and economic implications of such actions (Donaldson, 36). Friedman makes a vital point as it explains that the social responsibility falls on the public and its publically elected officials to enforce social justices through legislature. Therefore if the public desired Celgene to lower prices of thalidomide then it must require it to do so through law. Furthermore since no law exists requiring Celgene to sell thalidomide at a certain price, then Celgene is perfectly ethical and justified in raising its prices. If executives like Johnson adjusted prices according to their personal beliefs then huge portions of society would be heavily affected by such decisions and thus the public should reserve the right to solve such social dilemmas through democratic means in the form of law. Emanuel Kant’s philosophy of the â€Å"categorical imperative† also works to ethically justify the pricing of thalidomide by expressing the need for a universal standard of ethical practice. Though Kant would most likely desire a socialist utopia or at least complete universal healthcare, neither is realistic in the present day. In a Kantian society individuals would want free healthcare for everyone. No ethical issues would be in question if everyone received their entire healthcare for free. The result is a derived understanding of his categorical imperative, which explains a desired scenario in which on party acts onto another party in the same manner he himself wishes to be treated (Donaldson, 112). In this sense, under a capitalist system, Celgene is responding to the market by acting accordingly and raising its prices to increase production. The most basic element of ethics lies in John Locke’s philosophical explanation of product ownership and it works to prove Celgene’s right to raise its prices. At the very heart of business is the ownership of a private property which one elects to sell for a profit. According to Locke, God made the earth for man to exploit for his personal needs and thus it is logical that some men will not have common ownership of the land (Donaldson, 158). Locke’s philosophy on private property explains that man has the right to own property and that he alone can chose how to use his property. Using this justification, Celgene’s ownership of thalidomide entitles them to price it at any rate it sees reasonable. Moreover this justification is ethical because it comprises the sole force behind production. If corporations like Celgene cannot retain the right to ask for their own price for the products that they produce then there exists no incentive to produce. As a society we cannot force companies to produce essential information, technology, or medicine without an incentive. That is not how society works. Rather, our society is functions under an incentive-based system, which uses competition to provoke the best and brightest to produce the most important products for society’s use. If Celgene was made to sell their products at a price convenient for the consumer but crippling to the manufacturer then production would decline and society would falter. Thus to ensure continued production and quality corporations such as Celgene must be allowed to conduct business according to their best interests with regard to price. Society hinges on the expectation that companies will provide the food, goods, and medicine that it requires to function, however, certain elements must be in place in order to ensure the continued production of such commodities. As explained by Adam Smith, Milton Friedman, Emanuel Kant, and John Locke, society is improved by a free market system in which revenue from production is poured back into production to result in the overall improvement of society as a whole. Though some may see a raise in price as unfair, one must view such circumstances from the standpoint of the corporation, as business is a constant back-and-forth between the consumer and producer. The overarching ethical theme of the case study focuses on the need to provide the medical sector with the necessary profits to continue its research and development programs in the efforts of advancing the entire field for the betterment of society. This is surely an ethical endeavor. Works Cited: Donaldson, Thomas, and Patricia Hogue. Werhane. Ethical Issues in Business a Philosophical Approach. Upper Saddle River (N. J. ): Prentice Hall, 2008. Print. How to cite Chaser, Papers

Physics Notes - Circular Motion free essay sample

The reverse is also true if an objects acceleration is equal to  v2r  (and perpendicular to the velocity) then the object must be going in a circle. If an object is moving in a circle at with a changing velocity, then the overall acceleration is not equation to the centripetal acceleration. However the acceleration perpendicular to the velocity (that is the part changing the direction) is still equal to  v2r 2. 6. 3 Identify the force producing circular motion in various situations Sometimes people will make reference to the centripetal force. This is not a real force, its a pseudo-force. In general the centripetal force is made up of many other forces and is the sum of those forces. This is not unlike the idea of a net force which is also generally the sum of multiple forces. If you have a ball on the end of a string and you swing it in a vertical circle the centripetal force or the forces causing the acceleration will be a combination of the  tension  from the string and  gravity. We will write a custom essay sample on Physics Notes Circular Motion or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page At the top of the circle the ball will be going slower than at the bottom (conservation of energy). Since the speed is lower at the highest point the centripetal acceleration will be reduced. The weight remains the same, so the tension must be reduced to maintain circular motion. While at the lowest point the ball will be moving faster and thus the centripetal acceleration will be increased, so the tension must have increased to maintain circular motion. The Tension and Weight are the forces causing the acceleration the ball is also moving in a circle so at the highest and lowest points  Tension+Weight=CentripetalForce. Some care should be taken with the sign (+/-) of the tension force as its direction changes throughout the motion. Take it a step farther: (2) Fnet=ma (3) T+W=ma (4) T+Wm=a=v2r

Symbolism in Hawthorne’s “Young Goodman Brown Essay Example

Symbolism in Hawthorne’s â€Å"Young Goodman Brown Paper Symbolism plays a major role in the message that Nathaniel Hawthorne aims to convey in his story â€Å"Young Goodman Brown†. Hawthorne made use of symbolic situations which represents a corrupt and masked society that is still applicable in the present time. In this story, Hawthorne narrates a seemingly dreamlike experience of Goodman Brown in the midst of an evil ritual in the woods where he and his wife attempted to participate in. Brief Summary of Young Goodman Brown Young Goodman Brown is a recently married man who goes out for the night after bidding goodbye to his dear wife, Faith. He tries hard to push away his guilt of pursuing an evil plan while he leaves her that evening by promising to make it up to her someday. As he goes through the dark forest wondering if the devil is just around, he becomes hesitant in furthering his plan on joining some mysterious people in an evil ritual somewhere deep in the forest. Upon explaining why he was late to a decently dressed man because his wife kept him back, they are accompanied by another traveler whose age he reckon to be about fifty. He notices the remarkable serpent-like staff of the first man who addressed him. Upon meeting the other people who would join them, he is surprised to find out that most of the upright and holy people in his neighborhood are present; the woman who taught him catechism, the minister, Deacon Gookin, and the most surprising of all—his wife! He finds out that Faith is the reason why the ritual is initiated. He realizes that he had lost his Faith so he resolves in pursuing his original plan and be converted to evil like the rest of them. We will write a custom essay sample on Symbolism in Hawthorne’s â€Å"Young Goodman Brown specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Symbolism in Hawthorne’s â€Å"Young Goodman Brown specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Symbolism in Hawthorne’s â€Å"Young Goodman Brown specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer However, as Goodman Brown and Faith approach the altar to be anointed by the evil blood, Goodman Brown orders Faith to look up to heaven and resist the evil. As soon as the words leaves his mouth, he finds himself alone in the woods wondering if he had just dreamt the ritual. He comes back to his neighborhood a changed man. He becomes distrustful and doubtful of his wife and neighbors even to the day he died. Symbolisms The story itself is the entire representation of a hypocritical society. It is already a symbolism that further emphasizes the hypocrisy of Puritanism. It is clear that Hawthorne aims to criticize puritan society most especially the time of the Salem Witch Trials where almost twenty alleged witches were hanged with spectral evidence as the only proof. Like Goodman Brown, Hawthorne is believed to have also doubted the nature of sin in the society. Most probably, it is his way to push away the guilt when he found out that he is a descendant of one of the major persecutors in the witch trials. The story also contains some biographical elements where the devil reminds him, â€Å"I helped your grandfather, the constable, when he lashed the Quaker woman so smartly through the streets of Salem† (Hawthorne 113). The story seems to be a full representation of the author’s view about a strict puritan society. Moreover, the setting of the story is also quite symbolic as the initial part of the story describes Goodman Brown entering a dark forest where the witches gather at Sabbath. Hawthorne’s description of the dark and gloomy forest indicates that a dark critical turning point in his life is about to happen. â€Å"The darkness is not only physical, it is satanic† (Crowley 68). The story also symbolizes man’s struggle to avoid temptation by the devil. By the use of spectral evidence, Hawthorne is able to covey the idea that the devil could be lurking in the shadows even of the finest men (Reis 200). When Goodman Brown finds out that the most religious people in his neighborhood are actually members of the ritual in the forest, he realizes how evil can come in many deceptive forms. This realization leads him to his misery because of his inability to identify if his experience is merely a dream or a frightful reality. Goodman Brown can be considered a real good man before the encounter in the woods. He is considered to be good to his wife and he loves her dearly. He even refers to her as, â€Å"My love and my Faith† (Hawthorne 111) and hesitates to go on further with the meeting, â€Å"What a wretch am I to leave her on such an errand! She talks of dreams, too. Methought as she spoke there was trouble in her face, as if a dream had warned her what work is to be done tonight. . . † (Hawthorne 111). However, the goodness and naivete within him is altered when he discovers respectable and supposedly holy people are part of the evil ritual. This shows Hawthorne’s attitude towards highly religious people such as the early Puritans. It means that not all religious people are holy, and sometimes, they are just posing hypocrisy to redeem themselves. Even the name of his wife, Faith, symbolizes the things that he had lost upon full realization of evil in his neighborhood. He loses his wife, Faith, when he sees her in the woods and he also loses his spiritual faith towards goodness. â€Å"The story is not about the evil of other people but about Browns doubt, his recovery of the possibility of universal evil† (Levin 121). Conclusion Young Goodman Brown might probably just pass as a short ordinary story that involves supernatural encounters. While it is true that is merely fictional and not to be taken seriously in reality, it consists of symbolisms which are important to take into account. It consists of political and religious symbolisms which are indirectly told by the author to allow the readers to shape their own interpretation by themselves. Obviously, the story include more significant and in-depth matters in life than what is initially conveyed to be unrealistic and superficial. Works Cited Crowley, Joseph Donald. Nathaniel Hawthorne. London: Taylor Francis, 1971. Hawthorne, Nathaniel. â€Å"Young Goodman Brown. † Young Goodman Brown and Other Tales. Ed. Brian Harding. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999. 111–123. Levin, David. â€Å"Shadows of Doubt: Specter Evidence in Hawthornes ‘Young Goodman Brown’. † On Hawthorne: The Best from American Literature. Eds. Edwin Harrison Cady and Louis J. Budd. United States of America: Duke University Press, 1990. 114-122. Reis, Elizabeth. Damned Women: Sinners and Witches in Puritan New England. New York: Cornell University Press, 1997.

Watch for Visually Distracting Phrases

Watch for Visually Distracting Phrases Watch for Visually Distracting Phrases Watch for Visually Distracting Phrases By Mark Nichol Writers (and readers) face many perils faulty grammar, mangled syntax, and misplaced, missing, or extraneous punctuation among them but there’s one form of distraction writers might more easily overlook: Visually (and/or acoustically) distracting groups of words that, for one of three reasons, create obstacles to clear reading. One type of obstruction is repetition of sounds, either alliterative or assonant. Alliteration, the use of several words in sequence or within a sentence that start with the same sound, can be an effective technique, especially in poetry or just for fun (I use it often), but when it’s inadvertent (and sometimes when it’s deliberate), it just gets in the way. In the following sentence, for example, three of the first five words start with the letter r: â€Å"In regard to residents’ reviews, those who lived in the city where a restaurant is located tended to give the restaurant lower ratings than tourists did.† â€Å"In regard to† is clunky, and the sentence could begin simply with however instead of the alliterative introductory phrase. Another solution is to scatter the alliterative words, as in the revision from â€Å"These individuals often present complex clinical-care needs† to â€Å"These individuals often present complex needs for clinical care.† A similar potential obstruction is assonance, the repetition of vowel sounds within or at the end of a word. For example, three of the first four words in the introductory phrase in â€Å"Due to their redo being late, I didn’t get a chance to evaluate it† end in the -oo sound. (Read the phrase quickly three times without a pause and tell me it doesn’t sound like the first notes of a classic circus and carnival tune.) â€Å"Due to† is awkward under any circumstances (except in usage such as â€Å"The ceremony is due to begin soon†); use because instead. Another distraction is the proximal use of two or more words with the same or similar letter sequences but different pronunciations, as in â€Å"There were some elements that weren’t thought through enough.† This unfortunate pileup requires more extensive revision one possibility is â€Å"They didn’t sufficiently think some elements through.† Yet another problematic construction is one that inadvertently places two antonyms together, as in â€Å"Check your manuscript’s structure to make sure it doesn’t topple over under reader scrutiny,† where the words over and under are uncomfortably close. In this case, over can be deleted, or replace â€Å"topple over† with a synonym like collapse. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:75 Contronyms (Words with Contradictory Meanings)45 Synonyms for â€Å"Old† and â€Å"Old-Fashioned†Each vs. Both

French Verb Conjugations for Augmenter

French Verb Conjugations for Augmenter Augmenter  is a French verb that means to increase, to raise, or to rise. Its a very useful word to know and its a rather simple on to conjugate to fit the present, future, and past tenses. Follow along in this lesson to learn all these conjugations, including the past participle, subjunctive, and imperative forms of  augmenter. Conjugating the French Verb  Augmenter Verb conjugations are a little more complex in French than they are in English. We understand that an English verb with an -ed ending implies the past tense and an -ing is used for the present tense. In French, there are more endings to learn because the verb must match the subject pronoun as well. Augmenter  is a  regular -ER verb. In the conjugations, it follows a particular pattern for the new endings. These same transformations can be found in similar verbs like  attraper  (to pick up) and  complà ©ter  (to complete), making these among the easiest to memorize. Using the chart, you can quickly figure out which verb form you need. Simply match the subject pronoun with the appropriate tense. For instance, I increase is jaugmente and we will rise  is nous augmenterons. Subject Present Future Imperfect j' augmente augmenterai augmentais tu augmentes augmenteras augmentais il augmente augmentera augmentait nous augmentons augmenterons augmentions vous augmentez augmenterez augmentiez ils augmentent augmenteront augmentaient The Present Participle of  Augmenter The  present participle  of augmenter  is augmentant.  This is done with a simple change from the -er  ending to an  -ant  ending. Not only is it a verb, but you can use it as an adjective, gerund, or noun in some circumstances. The Past Participle and Passà © Composà © The  past participle  of augmenter  is augmentà ©. You will need this to form the commonly used past tense known as  passà © composà ©.   To form the conjugations, use the appropriate form of avoir,  which is an  auxiliary, or helping verb. For example, I rose is jai augmentà © and we increased is  nous avons augmentà ©. Notice how  avoir  has been conjugated to match the subject, but the same past participle is used in both phrases. More  Augmenter  Conjugations There may be times when you will need to use the following verb forms of  augmenter. The subjunctive and conditional are rather common and imply a certain degree of uncertainty in the action. Its likely that you will only encounter the passà © simple or imperfect subjunctive in formal writing. Yet, its good to be able to recognize and associate these forms with  augmenter. When using  augmenter  in imperative verb form, there is no need to include the subject pronoun. This is implied within the verb itself and these are used in short statements. Rather than nous augmentons, you can say augmentons.

Self evaluation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Self evaluation - Essay Example ffective communication skills enhance the effectiveness of the professional training in human services thereby ensuring that I know how to communicate to specific audiences. I will have the concept and mechanism of communicating thereby develop reliable professional relationships. I am a respectful individual who will uphold the ethical values and the dignity of human life. I understand that I will work with vulnerable individuals in the society. My respectful personality that arises from the values I uphold will ensure that I maintain productive relationships both with the patients and colleagues thus improve the success of the programs. Furthermore, such a personality ensures that I endear to my clients who will in turn trust and open up to me thus making helping them easier (Dewane, 2005). Finally, I am a tolerant individual capable of tolerating people from various backgrounds. I maintain peace when interacting with people and strive to pay attention to their demands. I often speak after understanding the nature of my audience. Tolerance is an important feature in human services since the profession requires interacting and helping people from diverse backgrounds. The people often portray unique personalities and may behave different. As a tolerant individual, I have the ability to interact with such people and help win their trust thus help them appropriately. Unfortunately, I have a number of weakness key among which is my small physique, which may hamper the need to undertake strenuous activities in order to reach people especially in time of calamities (Neukrug, 2001). Despite such, I am a skilled driver, can operate a number of machinery, and will therefore prove helpful in a number of ways during such situations. I lack endurance to strenuous activities and companies. While I am a tolerant individual, I do not like engaging in strenuous activities that cause either physical or psychological exhaustion. The personality is a major impediment to work in

The United States Constitution and the debates over the merits of the Research Paper

The United States Constitution and the debates over the merits of the constitution - Research Paper Example So these individuals had to come up with a government that not only stood for the sovereignty of the nation but which listened and acted on people’s worries and grievances. This was no simple role to accomplish and the best minds had to evaluate the main systems around the world to get that which would serve the country. Unfortunately, none represented the actual model that would govern the now vast American nation. 2The government model available to follow was the British one which obviously most readily understood the Britons themselves having introduced aspects of their systems in America. This however presented what these individuals feared would be inequitable distribution of power. However at the time, one thing was obvious; the system chosen for the people had to be representative of the people and had to be a choice of the people. This had been the wave at the time especially after the defeat of the monarchy system in Britain at the beginning of the century through the Glorious revolution which had prompted a parliamentary system in governance of countries. This mystery led to the establishment of a system that besides representing the people at the grassroots there would also be a national system that the people identified the state with. This led to the introduction of the federal system which sought to have overlapping governments, overlapping in the sense that the people at the lowest level would choose their respective leaders who would in turn participate in electing leaders of a higher level. This would translate to the national level; the national level is what was to be referred to as the federal government. Was a strong proponent of the federalist system which among other things sought to establish a central government? This central government would in turn oversee the implementation of the American constitution which was to guide the activities as well as participation and association of people and

Psychology and Psychiatrist Sigmund Freud Essay Example for Free

Psychology and Psychiatrist Sigmund Freud Essay The study of personality is one of the biggest topics of interest within psychology. There are numerous personality theories that exist making the most major ones fall right into at least one of our four major perspectives. These perspectives on personality attempt to describe the different patterns in personality, including how the patterns form and how people differ on individual levels. In my essay I will go into more in depth detail about these major perspectives and afterwards explain to you how changeable or unchangeable I think my personality is. To start off, there are four different perspectives. The first is Psychoanalytic Perspective. This perspective emphasizes the importance of early childhood experiences and the unconscious mind. This particular perspective was created by psychiatrist Sigmund Freud who strongly believed that things that are hidden in the unconscious could be revealed in numerous different ways. However the Neo-Freudian theorists only agreed in the importance of the unconscious, but disagreed with other aspects of Freud’s theories. The second perspective is called The Humanistic Perspective. This focuses on psychological growth, free will, and my favorite, personal awareness. This perspective is my favorite because it takes a more positive outlook on human nature and is centered on how each person can achieve their individual potential. The third perspective is called The Trait Perspective. This one is centered on identifying, describing, and measuring certain traits that make up a human’s personality. By knowing and understanding this, researchers have come to believe that they can now better comprehend the differences between individuals. The last perspective is The Social Cognitive Perspective. This one emphasizes the major importance of observational learning, self-efficiency, situational influences and cognitive processes. Now as far as explaining how changeable or unchangeable I think my own personality is, my personality really depends on who you are, what day it is, what went on that day, and in a lot of cases what kind of mood I’m in.

Kierkegaard and P.M. Moller on Immortality :: Essays Papers

Kierkegaard and P.M. Moller on Immortality P.M. Moller and His Relation to S.A. Kierkegaard Although virtually unknown today outside of Danish philosophical circles, Moller (1794-1838) was, during his lifetime, esteemed as one of Denmark’s most loved poets, and beginning in 1831 he held the position of professor of philosophy at the University of Denmark. While at the university Moller taught Moral and Greek Philosophy, and his early philosophical position has been regarded as Hegelian. Kierkegaard began his university studies in 1830, and the young professor made a deep impression upon him. During 1834-36 two events occurred that transformed Moller’s philosophy and also influenced his relation to Kierkegaard. The first was the death of Moller’s wife in 1834, which caused him to question the adequacy of Hegel’s system. The second was the publication of some articles by Kierkegaard in 1836 in a journal called Copenhagen’s Flying Post. In these articles Kierkegaard attacked Orla Lehmann, the young leader of the liberal student movement. This attack pleased the conservative Moller, and the two developed a deep friendship. Despite the nineteen-year difference in their ages, the two shared similar views regarding Danish politics, a growing distrust of the Hegelian system, and a concern about the state of the Danish clergy. With the death of Moller in 1838, at the age of forty-four, Kierkegaard lost his nearest congenial friend, the person with whom, above all others, he could discuss freely his ideas and receive a sympathetic and intelligent respon se. After Moller’s death Kierkegaard cherished his memory and faithfully read his Posthumous Works when they were published in 1839-43. Kierkegaard also dedicated his book The Concept of Anxiety (1844) to Moller, with the following tribute: To the late Professor Poul Martin Moller The happy lover of Greek culture, the admirer of Homer, the confidant of Socrates, the interpreter of Aristotle, Denmark’s joy in â€Å"Joy over Denmark,† though â€Å"widely traveled† always â€Å"remembered in the Danish summer,† the object of my profound admiration, my profound loss, this work is dedicated. This dedication should illustrate, if not Kierkegaard’s indebtedness to Professor Moller, then at least his unyielding affection. Moller’s Reflections on Philosophical Systems and Personal Immortality The work by Moller that beyond all others influenced Kierkegaard was â€Å"Thoughts on the Possibility of Proofs of the Immortality of Human Beings With Reference to the Most Recent Literature on the Subject.† H.P. Rhode stresses that it was this work on immortality that was Moller’s most important contribution to philosophy in Denmark, and most notably for the young Kierkegaard, who was â€Å"notoriously occupied† with it.

Global Business Plan for Yankee Candle Company Essay

Yankee Candle Company began in 1969, as penniless Mike Kittredge, age 16, melted crayons to form a candle as a Christmas present for his Mom. A neighbor, mesmerized by his fabulous creation, expressed her desire to purchase one of his candles; thus Yankee Candle Company was born. Mike used his parent’s basement, kitchen, and garage to produce his scented candles. Five years later, in 1974, Mike moved production into an old paper mill located in Holyoke, Massachusetts. In 1998 Forstmann Little & Company partnered with Yankee Candle Company and began to publicly trade on the NYSE in 1999. Mike Kittredge sold his first candle to a neighbor for $1.36, in 1969 and in 2005 Yankee Candle Company’s total sales were $601,180,000. Mike’s humble beginning in the family home has grown into a â€Å"wholesale customer network of 16,400 store locations, a growing base of Company owned and operated retail stores (390 located in 42 states),†¦ direct mail catalogs, its websi te,†¦ international distributors, and to a European wholesale network of approximately 2,200 store locations†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (2006) Yankee’s passion for fragrance has become a profitable entity with visions of continued global expansion. Yankee Candle Company has branded their product as long-lasting and strong in fragrance. Yankee has developed over 150 fragrances for their various candle products. Their product line includes jars, votive, tarts, wax potpourri, pillars, tapers, and tea lights candles. Yankee’s design is innovative and their scents are pleasant, relaxing, and rejuvenating. Yankee Candle Company’s design department is visionary in developing candles to accent modern dà ©cor and fragrances that appeal to its customers. Yankee will explore and introduce aromas that are common to the Greek culture as they expand into this new market. Yankee Candle will emulate their â€Å"passion for fragrance† and provide a wide variety of choices for its new customers in Greece. The Yankee Candle Company continues to build on the passion and creativity of Mike Kittredge; driven by a mission to warm hearth and home with the fragrances of life through excellence, innovation, and passion. Yankee has been dedicated to excellence throughout their 37 year history. A company spokesperson attributes their success to, â€Å"our vertically integrated  business model, which enables us to control most every aspect of our business, from product development to manufacturing to distribution to marketing and sales. This structure allows us to consistently provide high quality and innovative products†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (2006) Yankee’s innovation is evident in their candles and accessory designs, which acclimate too various dà ©cor preferences and the expanding variety of fragrances, which appeal to its customers. Yankee Candle Company is driven by an intense passion to spread the fragrances of life around the world for all to enjoy. The product expansion into the Greek marketplace is another step towards reaching their objectives. Yankee Candle Company will expand its fragrances to blend in with the cultures of new markets. Yankee will continue to develop partnerships with established Company owned retail stores as venues for their products to be sold. The candle company has already established Yankee Candle  ® Europe with a 30,000 square foot distribution center in Bristol, England that provides Yankee products for approximately 2,200 stores. This distribution center will be used to export Yankee products to be sold by retail stores in Greece. The Yankee Company has decided to expand their markets and head out to the Country of Greece. We will be exporting our candle line product from the United States to Greece. The product expansion into the Greek marketplace is another step towards reaching their objectives. Yankee Candle Company will expand its fragrances to blend in with the cultures of new markets. Yankee will continue to develop partnerships with established Company owned retail stores as venues for their products to be sold. As Yankee Candle expands into new regions of the world, distribution centers will be built to service their wholesale store network. Where trade barriers, economical and political policies will allow. When expanding into new countries, Yankee Candle will establish an online shopping website to market and sell their products. Since 1994, the United States is part of the NAFTA organization between three countries. â€Å"The North American Free Trade Agreement, known usually as NAFTA, is a free trade agreement among Canada, the United States, and Mexico. NAFTA  went into effect on January 1, 1994. NAFTA is also used to refer to the tripartite trading bloc of North American countries.† www.wikipedia.org. Since the inception of the Eurpeon Union in 1957 six countries were a part of this union. Nineteen further states have joined in and creasted a successful union. Greece joined the EU January, 1981. The exchange and repatriation of funds risks the Euro’s exchange rate against the dollar, remains unstable. The low interest rates, increased competition in the banking industry, and continued growth in commercial bank lending; to raise bad debt and strong growth in consumer borrowing. Economic growth is forecast to slow in 2006 and 2007. The consumer price inflation slowed dramatically in Greece before its entry into pre-economic and monetary union (EMU) in January 2001 and was helped by other temporary measures. The economy of the United States is stable made up of natural resource, labor and manufacturing, and investments. The United States† has the largest and one of the most technologically advanced national economies in the world, with a GDP of 13.049 trillion dollars.† www.wikipedia.org. Consumers and producers have some decision-making that form the economy, but the government also has a powerful role on the effects of the economy. The economy of Greece â€Å"is growing fast after the implementation of stabilization policies in recent years. Greece remains a net importer of industrial and capital goods, foodstuffs, and petroleum. Leading exports are manufactured goods, food and beverages, petroleum products, cement, chemicals, and pharmaceuticals.† www.wikipedia.org. Greece is global leader in shipping, which is the transportation of goods and cargo by land, air, or sea. Types of currency used through out the world vary from country to country and or by region. The Unites States of America official currency is the dollar, symbol: USD also known to be abbreviated by $. The US currency was adopted in 1785 by the United States Congress. The United States dollar is also known as a world currency; in 1985 $300 billion dollars were in circulation,  with two thirds being out side of the Untied States. Each year the amount of U.S dollars is being circulated around the world continues to increase. In comparison to the Untied States of America, Greece uses the euro as denomination of currency type, symbol â‚ ¬. Greece is part of the European Union also knows as the EU. What I found most interesting is the European Monetary Union has ceded control of monetary policy to the European Central Bank. Versus the Untied States taking control over their own currency. â€Å"The European Union has a large economy, probably slightly larger than that of the United States of America with a 2005 GDP of 12,865,602 million vs. 11,734,300 million (USD figures) (using nominal US Dollar GDP) according to the International Monetary Fund.† www.wikipedia.org. Greece’s relations with other countries in the region have been steadily improving. Greece is working with Turkey to resolve their disagreements, mainly with regard to Cyprus. Failure to resolve the division of the island of Cyprus may increase tensions between Greece and Turkey as the latter finds its bid to join the European Union partially dependent on success, but tensions rise sharply with Turkey over the issue of Cyprus. Greece is also assisting and improving relations with the economic development of the Balkans. The Balkans is now viewed by Greece as a greater threat to security than Turkey. Also, renewed instability in the Balkans leads to unrest in Greece and trade disruption. Political corruption is considered higher in Greece than many other European Union countries. Politicians are dependent on media with strong ties to business interests. There is a politicized, anti-globalization environmental movement in Greece which is increasingly complicated in its use of th e courts and the European Union to block large projects. United States culture is very diverse but due to the level of the American culture there are many integrated but exclusive subculture within the U.S. The subcultures differentiated by status, ethnic background, residence, religion or other factors that functionally combine the group and act jointly on each subculture member. The ethnic groups are White, Black, Asian, Amerindian, Alaska native, native Hawaiian, and other Pacific  islander. The various religion are Protestant, Roman, Catholic, Mormon, Jewish, Muslim, Baptist, and others. Lastly, the languages are English, Spanish, Indo-European, Asian, Pacific island and others. Let us not forget that the government type is constitution-based federal republic but strong democratic tradition. As a result, the subcultures have their own joint set of customs, attitudes, and values. Greece is a diverse culture partial by its place at the crossroads between the East and the West and by the various occupations endured by the Greek people throughout history. The Greeks are proud of their culture which is the definition of their national and ethnic belonging. The Greeks culture is made of their traditions, religion, music, language, food and wines. Some of the traditions and superstitions vary from one island to another. Many countries differ within a range of dimensions including social structure, language, religion, and traditions to name a few. The difference has important implications on marketing strategy of the product. The most cultural difference that has an impact would be traditions. Candle scent preference may differ from one country to another. The company may encounter resistance to some of its different scents or wax. The organization must careful research Greece cultural norms and understanding the difference between US and Greece. Cross-Cultural training (literacy) would be needed to make sure the company advertising or marketing strategy does not offend anyone in the other country. The candles should be affordable due to the unemployment rate within Greece; however the organization must make a profit consider the cost to export the candles within that country. Yankee Candle is aware of the culture difference between the US and Greece, therefore staffing would be important to the organization. The organization would provide their US employees with language and cultural training. Yankee understands that one of their vendors Berlitz has experience and knowledge in cross cultural and language training that would help assist the expatriates. Berlitz offers a variety of programs and has been in the  business for 128 years, more than 450 centers in over 60 countries. Berlitz offers online, adult, children and teen programs for cultural and language training including one-on-one sessions. The cultural and language training would be for the family as well. The cultural training would be for two days and 100 hours for language training, however if more hours are needed for language the company would approve this cost. The employees that are going on the international assignment would have other benefits including when they are expatriating back in to the US. However, the expatriates will receive just a  ½ day of cultural training and language will not be necessary. The US dollar is not equal to the same amount in most other countries. Hence, the company would pay an additional allowance to cover the difference. The cost of living may be higher in the other countries, as a result a housing allowance is provided to the employee. The company does consider the cost living in the US and then compare that cost to living in Greece. The education in Greece is not the same for US citizens. As a result, to the language barrier and cultural it may be very difficult for the employee’s children to attend the local school in the host country for that reason private schools or boarding school may be required. Consequently the company is aware of this and therefore would provide tuition allowance. Due to the cultural and language difference there are going to be diversity issues, so human resource has provided an open door policy. The open door policy would allow employees to express him or she concerns and human resource will try to provide a solution to the problem, if possible. Supply chain management is an important role for the success of Yankee Candle Company to sell scented candles in Greece. Supply chain is most effective for optimal resource use, minimum total cost, and maximum value to the customer. Decisions with in supply chain are to buy your product or make your own. Yankee Candle Company already produces its own scented candles and will be the same for candles being shipped overseas. The production will be manufactured in the Company’s 294,000 square foot facility in Whately, Massachusetts. As a manufacturer, the Company is able to closely monitor product quality and control production costs, which ensures high quality  products and maintains affordable pricing. Information has been gathered from the Greece from the candle business industry. This data will assist in forecasting how much product is needed for a three months supply to meet the supply and demand in Greece. Lead time for the initiation of Yankee Candle Company to enter the Greece market is 10 months. In turn this will give enough time to meet the three month stock supply. The information gathered from the Greece candle market will support the types of scented candles that will be produced to ship overseas. Lead time for the shipment to arrive at the distribution warehouse is three month’s; the life span of a candle is three years. Placing our product will be near or around the largest cities and ports in Greece. The largest and most important city in Greece is Athens, the capital with population based in 1991 of 748,110. The largest port in Greece is Thessalonà ­ki, with a population of 377,951. Also another large port is located on the North part of the Peloponnesus, is a major seaport, with 155,180 inhabitants. Other sizable cities include Là ¡risa (113,426), Irà ¡klion (117,167), and Và ³los (76,463). The ports and its population are important factors in knowing were to place the Yankee Candle Stores. These would be in areas in the region that have the most population and are easily accessible to Tourist from vacation boats that may doc on these ports. Promoting Yankee Candle Company in Greece would be similar as it is currently in the Untied States. Through its retail stores the Yankee Candle company would open in Greece, direct mail catalogs. To include a large market Yankee candle will also promote is U.S product through television commercials newspapers, bill board singes through out the larger cities of Greece, and through its own web page http://www.yankeecandle.com/cgi-bin/ycbvp/retail.jsp. Promotion for this product will be introduced to all who wants to have special fragrances in their homes. Business will also be targeted to have fresh new fragrances for their offices. Candles are an excellent gift for all ages and for any special occasion. The middle class in Greece is the main target market Yankee Candle Company is promoting the scented U.S candle product. In 2005  the labor force in Greece was at 4.72 million compared to unemployment rate of 10.8% figures from www.cia.gov. These figures give Yankee Candle Company the green light to proceed with international distribution into the Greece market. Pricing the candles will be 30% above the sale price of a U.S product. This will ensure the costs of having a U.S product of seas. Yankee Candle’s has successfully developed and market new products and earn enormous returns. We have success springs for the fact that it has a vertically integrated business model, with the in-house expertise required to design, develop, manufacture, distribute and sell our candle products. Our vertically integrated business model acts as a powerful platform to support our product innovation initiatives. This business model included strong research and development activities, an experienced employee team, and a basis skill in test marketing our products. We collected these resources to research consumer interests and home decor buying trends, and then to create original candle designs, fragrances, accessories, gift sets, home fragrance merchandise, and personal care items that align with our findings. We then release this merchandise into our distribution channels in a way that permits us to seek and track consumer feedback. This process positions us to fine-tune our new pro ducts from performance, to packaging, to labeling, to pricing helping to maximize the potential for each item we develop to have a successful launch and widespread acceptance. Together, these efforts helped to drive sales, attract new customers and extend the appeal of the Yankee Candle brand. Once exporting was chosen as the mode of entry, Yankee Candle secured assistance from a company called, Export Trade of America; to learn about insurance, tariff, and tax laws involved in trading with Greece. Yankee Candle Company will face various legal challenges when exporting its candles into Greece, but the process will go much easier with the help of an export management company. Yankee will need to comply with employee laws and have knowledge about hiring, firing, and discipline regulations in Greece. They will need to be acquainted with their legal system and how those laws are enforced. Greece is a parliamentary republic with a president, who is heads the executive administration, a prime minister, who is head of the government, and a 300 seat legislature. The judicial includes a Supreme Court, regional districts, and prefectures to decide civil and criminal cases. There is a national police force as well as policing agencies from the European Union. As a member of the European Union, the EU laws supersede those of the individual member nations. Yankee Candle Company will need to be aware of the EU laws, enforcement, penalties, and necessary trade practices. The European Union could cause legal complications as the union adds new members, arbitrates disagreements among its memberships, and as competition increases in the global marketplace. There has been a longstanding relationship between Greece and the United States of America. The two countries have diplomatic, intelligence, and law enforcement ties. Greece and the United States, recently signed treaties â€Å"covering extradition and mutual legal assistance, which further strengthened this cooperation.† (2006) Trade between these two nations should proceed with success barring increased terrorism, war, or a terrific natural disaster that impacts the global economy. It is important for any company to evaluate their strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. As Yankee Candle employees examines their organization they listed the following as company strengths; strong business model, long-lasting candles, well-branded product, variety of fragrances, adaptability of product to various cultures and dà ©cor, strong financial backing, increasing profitability, expanding marketplace, efficient manufacturing and distribution process, and an innovative product development. Yankee Candle Company’s weaknesses include; rising cost for manufacturing and distributions, technological skills, single manufacturing center, adapting products to various cultures and customs, and material shortages. There are several opportunities that must be pursued to maintain profitability; increase presence in the global marketplace, expanded online shopping options, adapt fragrance choices to new markets, build foreign manufacturing and distribution center, and add accessories to their product line. There are many threats to the existence of Yankee Candle Company  including; competition’s pricing and product differentiation, terrorism, natural disasters, exchange rate, rising costs for manufacturing and distribution, and the products life-cycle. The external environment strengths include; reduction in trade barriers, strong European Union, technological advancements, and utilization of websites. The external weaknesses are; trade blocs, closed economic and political policies that prevent or limit imports/exports, and the affects of terrorism. External opportunities include; improving the economic levels of third world countries, utilizing the skills, resources, and expertise of various countries to lower costs and create an integrated economy, develop innovative products, and create a global network. Finally, the external threats include; terrorism, political instability, natural disasters, increased global competition, trade blocs that become fortresses against those outside their union, countries imposing regulations against outsiders who want to merger or acquire other foreign companies, conflict among existing trade bloc members, and inflation/deflation of the monitory systems. Reference: (2006, 4,12). The Yankee Candle Company, Inc. 2006 First Quarter Earnings Webcast. Retrieved 4/23/06, from SBC Yahoo Finance Web site: http://biz,yahoo.com/bw/060412/20060412005002.html?.v=1www.wikipedia.org., retreived April 24, 2006. http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/gr.html#EconRetrieved 5/13/06 from the World FactbookUnknown, Retrieve on April 23, 2006 fromhttp://www.odci.gov/cia/publications/factbook/print/gr.htmlUnknown, Retrieve on April 23, 2006 fromhttp://www.greeka.com/greece-culture.htm

Customer-Driven Strategic Marketing

Chapter 1 Customer-Driven Strategic Marketing Lecture Outline I. Defining Marketing We define marketing as the process of creating, distributing, promoting, and pricing goods, services, and ideas to facilitate satisfying exchange relationships with customers and to develop and maintain favorable relationships with stakeholders in a dynamic environment. [ A ]. Marketing Focuses on Customers [ 1 ]. As the purchasers of the products that organizations develop, promote, distribute, and price, customers are the focal point of all marketing activities. [ 2 ].The essence of marketing is to develop satisfying exchanges from which both customers and marketers benefit. [ 3 ]. Organizations generally focus their marketing efforts on a specific group of customers, or target market. [ B ]. Marketing Deals with Products, Distribution, Promotion, and Price 1. Marketing is more than simply advertising or selling a product; it involves developing and managing a product, making the product available i n the right place and at a price acceptable to buyers, and communicating information to help customers determine if the product will satisfy their needs. 2.These activities—product, distribution, promotion, and pricing—are known as the marketing mix because marketers decide what type of each element to use and in what amounts. 3. The Product Variable [ a ])The product variable of the marketing mix deals with researching customers’ needs and wants and designing a product that satisfies them. [ b ])A product can be a good, a service, or an idea. ( [ 1 ])Good—a physical entity ( [ 2 ])Service—the application of human and mechanical efforts to people or objects to provide intangible benefits to customers ( [ 3 ])Idea—concept, philosophy, image, or issue c ])The product variable includes the creation or modification of brand names and packaging. It may also include decisions regarding warranty and repair services. [ d ])Product variable decisions and related activities are important because they directly impact the creation of products that meet customers’ needs and wants. 4. The Distribution Variable In dealing with the distribution variable, a marketing manager makes products available in the quantities desired to as many target market customers as possible, keeping total inventory, transportation, and storage costs as low as possible. . The Promotion Variable The promotion variable relates to activities used to inform individuals or groups about an organization and its products. a)Promotion can be aimed at increasing public awareness of an organization and new or existing products. b) Promotional activities can also educate customers about product features or urge people to take a particular stance on a political or social issue. 6. The Price Variable a)The price variable relates to decisions and actions associated with establishing pricing objectives and policies and determining product prices. )Price is a critic al component of the marketing mix because customers are concerned about the value obtained in an exchange. 7. Marketing mix variables are often viewed as controllable because they can be modified; however, economic conditions, competitive structure, or government regulations may limit a marketing manager’s influence. [ C ]. Marketing Builds Relationships with Customers and Other Stakeholders 1. Individuals and organizations engage in marketing to facilitate exchanges—that is, the provision or transfer of goods, services, or ideas in return for something of value. [ 4 ].Four conditions must exist for an exchange to occur: a)Two or more individuals, groups, or organizations must participate, and each must possess something of value desired by the other party. b)The exchange should provide a benefit or satisfaction to both parties involved in the transaction. c)Each party must have confidence in the promise of the â€Å"something of value† held by the other. d)To b uild trust, the parties to the exchange must meet expectations. [ 5 ]. An exchange will not necessarily take place just because these conditions exist; marketing activities can occur even without an actual transaction or sale.Figure 1. 2 depicts the exchange process. 6. Marketing activities should attempt to create and maintain satisfying exchange relationships. [ 7 ]. Marketers are also concerned with building relationships with relevant stakeholders who have a â€Å"stake,† or claim, in some aspect of a company’s products, operations, markets, industry, and outcomes; these may include customers, employees, investors and shareholders, suppliers, governments, communities, and many others. [ D ]. Marketing Occurs in a Dynamic Environment . The marketing environment, which includes competitive, economic, legal and regulatory, technological, and socio-cultural forces, surrounds the customer and affects the marketing mix as shown in Figure 1. 1. 2. The forces of the market ing environment affect a marketer’s ability to facilitate exchanges in three ways: a)They affect customers’ lifestyles, standards of living, and preferences and needs for products. b)They help determine whether and how a marketing manager can perform certain marketing activities. )They affect a marketing manager’s decisions and actions by influencing buyers’ reactions to the organization’s marketing mix. 3. Marketing environment forces can fluctuate quickly and dramatically. 4. Changes in the marketing environment produce uncertainty for marketers and at times hurt marketing efforts, but they also create opportunities. 5. Marketing mix elements—product, distribution, promotion, and price—are factors over which an organization has control; the forces of the environment, however, are subject to far less control. II.Understanding the Marketing Concept A. According to the marketing concept, an organization should try to provide products t hat satisfy customers’ needs through a coordinated set of activities that also allows the organization to achieve its goals. 1. Customer satisfaction is the major focus of the marketing concept. a)To implement the marketing concept, an organization focuses on customer analysis, competitor analysis, and integration of the organization’s resources to provide customer value and satisfaction, as well as long-term profits. )The organization must also continue to alter, adapt, and develop products to keep pace with customers’ changing desires and preferences. [ 8 ]. The marketing concept is not a second definition of marketing. It is a management philosophy guiding an organization’s overall activities. [ 9 ]. It is important for marketers to consider not only current buyers’ needs, but also the long-term needs of society. B. Evolution of the Marketing Concept 1. The Production Orientation )During the second half of the nineteenth century, the Industrial Revolution was in full swing in the United States. b)As a result of new technology and new ways of using labor, products poured into the marketplace, where consumer demand for the new manufactured goods was strong. 2. The Sales Orientation a)Between the mid 1920s and the early 1950s, businesspeople viewed sales as the major means of increasing profits. b)During this era, businesspeople believed that the major marketing activities were personal selling, advertising, and distribution. 3.The Marketing Orientation a)By the early 1950s, some businesspeople recognized they must first determine what customers want and then produce it, rather than make products and try to persuade customers that they need what is produced. b)A marketing orientation requires the â€Å"organization-wide generation of market intelligence pertaining to current and future customer needs, dissemination of the intelligence across departments, and organization-wide responsiveness to it. † c)Today, businesses want to satisfy customers and build meaningful, long-term buyer-seller relationships.C. Implementing the Marketing Concept To implement the marketing concept, a marketing-oriented organization must accept some general conditions and recognize and deal with several problems. 1. Management must first establish an information system to discover customers’ real needs and then use the information to create satisfying products. 2. To satisfy customers’ objectives as well as its own, a company must also coordinate all its activities. III. Managing Customer Relationships A.Achieving the full profit potential of each customer relationship should be the fundamental goal of every marketing strategy. 1. At the most basic level, profits can be obtained through relationships in the following ways: a)By acquiring new customers b)By enhancing the profitability of existing customers c)By extending the duration of customer relationships 2. Implementing the marketing concept means optim izing the exchange relationship—the relationship between a company’s financial investment in customer relationships and the return generated by customers responding to that investment.B. The term relationship marketing refers to â€Å"long-term, mutually beneficial arrangements in which both the buyer and seller focus on value enhancement through the creation of more satisfying exchanges. † 1. Relationship marketing continually deepens the buyer’s trust in the company, and as the customer’s confidence grows, this in turn increases the organization’s understanding of the customer’s needs. [ 10 ]. Eventually this interaction becomes a solid relationship that allows for cooperation and mutual dependence. C.Customer-centric marketing requires developing collaborative relationships with customers based on focusing on their individual needs and concerns. 1. It adopts the view that customers buy offerings which provide value and prefer a rel ationship rather than a transactional orientation. 2. Collaborating with and learning from customers leads to a â€Å"sense and respond† approach rather than a produce and sell approach. D. Customer relationship management (CRM) uses information about customers to create marketing strategies which develop and sustain desirable customer relationships. 1.By increasing customer value over time, organizations try to retain and increase long-term profitability through customer loyalty. 2. Managing customer relationships requires identifying patterns of buying behavior and using that information to focus on the most promising and profitable customers. IV. Value-Driven Marketing A. To manage customer relationships, organizations must develop marketing mixes that create value for customers. Value is a customer’s subjective assessment of benefits relative to costs in determining the worth of a product (customer value = customer benefits – customer costs). . Customer bene fits include anything a buyer receives in an exchange. 2. Customer costs include anything a buyer must give up to obtain the benefits provided by the product. Costs include the monetary price of the product as well as less obvious nonmonetary costs, such as time and effort. B. The process people use to determine the value of a product is not highly scientific. C. In developing marketing activities, it is important to recognize that customers receive benefits based on their experiences. D. The marketing mix can be used to enhance perceptions of value. V. Marketing ManagementA. Marketing management is the process of planning, organizing, implementing, and controlling marketing activities to facilitate effective and efficient exchanges. 1. â€Å"Effectiveness† is the degree to which an exchange helps achieve an organization’s objectives. 2. â€Å"Efficiency† refers to minimizing the resources an organization must spend to achieve a specific level of desired exchang es. B. Planning is a systematic process of assessing opportunities and resources, determining marketing objectives, and developing marketing strategy and plans for implementation and control.C. Organizing marketing activities involves developing the internal structure of the marketing unit. D. Proper implementation of marketing plans hinges on coordination of marketing activities, motivation of marketing personnel, and effective communication within the unit. E. The marketing control process consists of establishing performance standards, comparing actual performance with established standards, and reducing the difference between desired and actual performance. VI. The Importance of Marketing in Our Global EconomyA. Marketing Costs Consume a Sizable Portion of Buyers’ Dollars 1. About one-half of a buyer’s dollar goes to the costs of marketing. 2. Because marketing expenses consume significant portions of each dollar, it is important to know how this money is used. B. Marketing Is Used in Nonprofit Organizations 1. Marketing is also important in organizations working to achieve goals other than ordinary business objectives such as profit. 2. Government agencies engage in marketing activities to fulfill missions and goals. . In the private sector, nonprofit organizations also employ marketing activities to create, distribute, promote, and even price programs that benefit particular segments of society. C. Marketing Is Important to Business and the Economy 1. Businesses must sell products to survive and grow, and marketing activities help sell their products. 2. Marketing activities help produce profits which are essential to the survival of individual businesses and the health and ultimate survival of the global economy. D.Marketing Fuels Our Global Economy 1. Profits from marketing products contribute to the development of new products and technologies. 2. Advances in technology, along with falling political and economic barriers, and the univers al desire for a higher standard of living, have made marketing across national borders commonplace while stimulating global economic growth. E. Marketing Knowledge Enhances Consumer Awareness 1. The study of marketing allows a more effective assessment of a product’s value and flaws. 2.An understanding of marketing enables evaluation of corrective measures (such as laws, regulations, and industry guidelines) which could stop unfair, damaging, or unethical marketing practices. F. Marketing Connects People through Technology 1. New technology, especially technology related to computers and telecommunications, helps marketers understand and satisfy more customers than ever before. 2. The Internet is a vital tool for marketing to consumers and other businesses. G. Socially Responsible Marketing can Promote the Welfare of Customers and Society 1.The success of our economic system depends on marketers whose values promote trust and cooperative relationships in which customers are t reated with respect. 2. By managing concern about the impact of marketing on society, a organization can protect the interests of the general public and the natural environment. H. Marketing Offers Many Exciting Career Prospects 1. From 25 to 33 percent of all civilian workers in the U. S. perform marketing activities. 2. Whether a person earns a living through marketing activities or performs them voluntarily in non-business projects, marketing knowledge and skills are valuable assets.

Anselms Onotological Arguments Essay

Anselms Onotological Arguments Essay Anselms Onotological Arguments Essay BIB1001 Old Testament History and Literature University of Northwestern Mark H. Muska Fall 2013 1-2 Kings 1. Author: unknown, but probably one person because of the unity of writing style throughout the books. 1.1 As with 1-2 Samuel, the writer had access to several named sources: Book of the Acts of Solomon (1 Kings 11:41), Book of the Chronicles of the Kings of Judah (14:29) and Israel (14:19). 1.2 The author appears to write soon after the start of the Babylonian Captivity (c. 550). He refers to the destruction of Jerusalem and Judah taken to Babylon (2 Kings 25), to the 37th year of the exile (25:27), but does not mention the return from Babylon. 1.3 Some of the great writers of that period include Jeremiah, Ezekiel, or Ezra. 2. Date: the events of 1 Kings begin with David very old and his successor in question, about 970. 2 Kings ends noting King Jehoiachin’s release from prison in Babylon in about 560. Without definite evidence to the contrary, the book was probably written soon after the events in the book conclude, somewhere in the middle of the Babylonian exile in the mid-500’s. 3. Structure: as with 1-2 Samuel, 1-2 Kings appear to have originally been one book because there is no major break in the narrative from 1 Kings to 2 Kings. The two books together have three major sections. 3.1 United Kingdom: David and Solomon (1 Kings 1-11). 3.2 Divided Kingdom: Israel and Judah (1 Kings 12 to 2 Kings 17). 3.3 Kingdom of Judah (2 Kings 18-25). 4. Purpose: to evaluate the rise and fall of Israel because of the disobedience of the kings. The books could be appropriately titled â€Å"The Rise, Decline, and Fall of the Hebrew Monarchy.† 5. United Kingdom: David and Solomon (1 Kings 1-11). 5.1 This section explains the initial deterioration of the nation after it reaches its greatest power. 5.2 The nation expands to its greatest power with Solomon, yet because of his wandering, the nation begins to decline. It is predicted that the Northern tribes will be torn from Solomon and his family (1 Kings 11:11-13). 5.3 David establishes Solomon as king just before David’s death (1 Kings 2:12) and charges Solomon to remain faithful, for the kingdom to endure (1 Kings 2:1-4). 5.4 Solomon serves God with sincerity, seeking the good of the nation by asking for wisdom to rule well (1 Kings 3:6-9). 5.5 God grants grants Solomon’s request for wisdom, then God prospers him like no other king in Israel before or after (1 Kings 3:10-14). 5.6 Solomon is also faithful to build the temple (1 Kings 6:1). 5.61 God promises to bless Solomon, but the promise is conditional (1 Kings 6:11-13). 5.62 How do we reconcile this condition on Solomon with the unconditional promise to David in 2 Samuel 7? Each son of David must follow God to prosper. If they do not, God will put another son of David on the throne in their place. 5.63 The temple is fabulous and ornate (1 Kings 6:23-28, for example). 5.64 God dwells in the Temple (1 Kings 8:10-11). 5.65 Israel celebrates with worship and joy (1 Kings 8:62-66). 5.7 Solomon and the entire nation prosper greatly (1 Kings 10:14-21). 5.71 Solomon’s house is also build, symbolizing that as God’s presence is established in the nation (in the Temple being built), the king is also established with a firm rule (7:1-12). 5.8 Yet the end of Solomon’s life is tragic. Solomon wanders away from the Lord to idols (1 Kings 11:1-4). The consequences for him and the nation are far-reaching. 5.81 The immediate result is adversity for Solomon and the nation: Hadad the Edomite (1 Kings 11:14-22), Rezon (11:23-25), and, most significantly, Jeroboam (11:26). 5.82 The long-term result is that most of the tribes will be taken from David’s dynasty. Only Judah will remain (11:9-13, 29-36). 5.83 David’s line of kings is inconsistent after the time of Solomon, over the next 400 years. Some are great kings, and the kingdom prospers.

Definition and Examples of Short Answers in English

Definition and Examples of Short Answers in English In spoken English and informal writing, a short answer is a response made up of a subject and an auxiliary verb or modal. A short answer is generally regarded as more polite than just an abrupt yes or no. Conventionally, the verb in a short answer is in the same tense as the verb in the question. Also, the verb in the short answer should agree in person and number with its subject. Examples and Observations How did she do in her exams? Maria had already told me she had done quite well, but I was now flailing around to keep the conversation going.She passed.She is all right, isnt she?Yes, she is, he replied firmly.(Vikram Seth, An Equal Music. Random House, 1999)The poor lass took quite a fall, didnt she? Gelfrid remarked. Is she usually so clumsy?No, she isnt,† Judith answered.(Julie Garwood, The Secret. Pocket Books, 1992)Youre asking yourself, Can I give this child the best possible upbringing and keep her out of harms way her whole life long? The answer is no, you cant.(Barbara Kingsolver, The Bean Trees. Harper Row, 1988)Can we change? Yes, we can. Can they change? Yes, they can.(Oz Clarke, Oz Clarkes Pocket Wine Guide. Sterling, 2009)Will, youve been in love before, havent you? I mean, with Anna, of course . . . and your various . . . well, you have, havent you?Will looked into his glass. No. No, I havent.(Jennifer Donnelly, The Tea Rose. Macmillan, 2004) Whats up with him?His stomach is sick. Hes nervous about his speech.Hes got food poisoning! Helen declared. â€Å"Hasnt he?†Ã¢â‚¬Å"No, he has not!†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Yes, he has.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"No, he has not!†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Yes, he has.†(Marian Keyes, Anybody Out There? William Morrow, 2006)No, I wont, Jeremiahno I wontno I wont!I wont go, Ill stay here. Ill hear all I dont know, and say all I know. I will, at last, if I die for it. I will, I will, I will, I will!(Charles Dickens, Little Dorrit, 1857) Short-Answer Patterns Answers are often grammatically incomplete, because they do not need to repeat words that have just been said. A typical short answer pattern is subject auxiliary verb, together with whatever other words are really necessary. Can he swim? Yes, he can.(More natural than Yes, he can swim.)Has it stopped raining? No, it hasnt.Are you enjoying yourself? I certainly am.Youll be on holiday soon. Yes, I will.Dont forget to telephone. I wont.You didnt phone Debbie last night. No, but I did this morning. Non-auxiliary be and have are also used in short answers. Is she happy? I think she is.Have you a light? Yes, I have. We use do and did in answers to sentences that have neither an auxiliary verb nor non-auxiliary be or have. She likes cakes. She really does.That surprised you. It certainly did. Short answers can be followed by tags . . .. Nice day. Yes, it is, isnt it? Note that stressed, non-contracted forms are used in short answers.(Michael Swan, Practical English Usage. Oxford University Press, 1995) Short Answers With So, Neither, and Nor Sometimes a statement about one person also applies to another person. When this is the case, you can use a short answer with so for positive statements, and with neither or nor for negative statements using the same verb that was used in the statement. You use so, neither, or nor with an auiliary, modal, or the main verb be. The verb comes before the subject. You were different then. So were you.I dont normally drink at lunch. Neither do I.I cant do it. Nor can I. You can use not either instead of neither, in which case the verb comes after the subject. He doesnt understand. We dont either. You often use so in short answers after verbs such as think, hope, expect, imagine, and suppose, when you think that the answer to the question is yes. Youll be home at six? I hope so.So it was worth doing? I suppose so. You use Im afraid so when you are sorry that the answer is yes. Is it raining? Im afraid so. With suppose, think, imagine, or expect in short answers, you also form negatives with so. Will I see you again? I dont suppose so.Is Barry Knight a golfer? No, I dont think so. However, you say I hope not and Im afraid not. It isnt empty, is it? I hope not. (Collins COBUILD Active English Grammar. HarperCollins, 2003)

Career Response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Career Response - Essay Example The talk was very short but had very detailed information. It talked about the culture of welcoming visitors. It only took 16.19 minutes to provide a wealth of information that had an intuitive influence on choosing the career on hotel management. The information given on the Tedtalk was very objective. The culture of welcoming was the main message based on her experience she went through. It started with how Smith got herself in a small home where she was given a very warm and hospitable welcome. Then the way she developed interest in the hospitality industry is very endearing and full of inspiration. In her explanation, she was very captivating on explaining how to be warm to visitors and being happy even when frustrated. Happiness is the culture that employee in hospitality should pass down to the customer. The presentation was well inculcated with a brief history of the industry of hospitality. Another interesting aspect of the talk was the use of statistics. It increased the believability of the talk. A very endearing statistic used was that 70% of American workers are not unhappy disengaged or disinterested with their jobs. It made the entire talk very appealing and invoked the interest of joining the field since I felt I will be joining the 70% of the happy American work force in the hotel management. The Tedtalk had power of igniting dormant ambitions of anyone to the field of hospitality. I have personally learned a lot from the talk. First how the culture of care has a profound effect on the industry of hospitality. The hotel management take more of caring and being happy to the customer and every chance to be endearing to customers. Secondly, I have learned being kind in every one because everyone you meet is fighting a hard battle. As an aspiring manager, I will be kind to any employee even if he or she is misbehaving because they could be

Walt Disney prospectus Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Walt Disney prospectus - Essay Example It is important to note that unsecured debt notes issued to public involves significant amount of risk for the company as well as the investors. This is because from the perspective of the customer, the interest rate may be too expensive. As a result, if the company is unable to generate sufficient profits, the company’s cost of borrowings will eventually exceed the revenues which will further increase financial risk of the company. The company has however kept these issues in mind and taken appropriate measures to minimize the impact of such undesirable consequences that might be followed after issue of unsecured debt by making the offer more attractive to customers. The company believed that if the offer would be attractive then more people will be encouraged to participate which will further ensure successful marketability of these securities. One of the initiatives taken by the company to increase the marketability of the securities was to reduce the entry load for joining the scheme. The minimum number of units required to subscribe by the people in order to join the scheme was reduced to five. In order to make the offer more attractive, the company allowed public to subscribe five units of shares at two hundred and fifty dollars for non-shareholders and they would be allowed to invest as low as fifty dollar per month. The company even kept the option of cash investment open for the investors. The company also lowered enrolment fee at an affordable price of $5-$10 per investor (Reuters, 2012). 2. List the dollar amount of debt Disney proposed to sell to the public. Indicate whether this amount has increased or decreased from 2008 to 2010. Discuss some potential causes of this increase or decrease. Answer: Walt Disney has sold bonds worth three billion dollars at the end of 2012. In the year 2011, the company has sold 5, 10, and 30 years bonds with historically low coupon rates consequently increasing the price of bond in markets (Financial News, 201 1). This was one of the measures taken by the company to control coupon rates which were historically high during 2010. The issue of unsecured notes has experienced a steady decline from the period 2008 to 2010. The declining trend touched the lowest value in 2010 which continued till 2011. From the above discussion it can be said that a number of financial factors influenced the decision regarding decrease in amount of debt sold by the company to public. One of the reasons for such decline was the company’s decision to offer debt was the offer to lower coupon rates creating an opening for the company to cash in and make profits. The company took advantage of lower interest rates to maximize profits and expected the issue of bond to yield at least $1.5 billion which the company plans to utilize for corporate purpose. 3. Determine the percentage of the sales price Disney nets after discounts and commissions. Indicate whether this amount as decreased or increased from 2008 to 2 010. Discuss some potential causes of this increase or decrease. Answer: Walt Disney has been able to net sufficient percentage of sales price after discounts and commissions on the issue of sale of debt instruments. In the year 2008, the company reported 57% percentage of sales price whereas the percentage declined to 46% for the year 2010. The decrease in the amount of debt issued by the company and the

International relation class Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

International relation class - Essay Example declare war on America minutes after they pulled out of the talks but several circumstances hindered the passing of the maessage in time leading to what became the worst attacks on Japanese soil. The concept of the film is based on the conflict that led to a great loss of life due to lack of amicable ways to resolve the conflict that existed. The theme of international relationships is prevalent as poor relations between the two nations had disastrous consequences. International relations can be defined as the relationship between countries and the roles government and non-governmental agencies play in fostering these relationships (Carlsnaes, 2013). The film highlights the importance of positive international relations to the growth of a country and the importance of proper conflict management techniques within international circles. Countries and nations need to co-exist together and respect the sovereignty of each other. There is also a need to have conflict resolution forums to ensure conflict between nations are resolve in a way that will have minimum negative effect to the countries relations (Baylis,

Child Abuse in Ireland: Policies and Legislation

Child Abuse in Ireland: Policies and Legislation In recent years, child abuse has been acknowledged as a growing problem in Ireland (DoHC, 1999). Since the publication of the Child Abuse Guidelines in 1987 (DoHC, 1987), a number of reforms have been introduced which aim to promote the protection and welfare of children. Healthcare professionals play an important role in child protection and care (Crisp and Lister, 2004). Community-based nurses, such as public health nurses, are frequently among the first to detect signs of child abuse and it is therefore important for them to have a full understanding both of their professional responsibilities in relation to this key role, and of relevant legislation, strategies and guidelines. In recent years, the Child Care Act 1991, Children Act 2001, Children First guidelines and the National Children’s Strategy have served to place children at the forefront of health and social care in Ireland. Legislation There is a wide variety of legislation relating to children. The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UN, 1989) was the first legally binding document to address all aspects of human rights (i.e. civil, cultural, economic, political and social) in relation to children, and recognise that individuals under the age of 18 years require additional care and protection. The Convention states that the basic human rights of all children are: the right to survival; to develop to the fullest; and to participate fully in family, cultural and social life and is underpinned by 4 principles: non-discrimination; devotion to the best interests of the child; the right to life; and respect for the views of the child. In Ireland, the main legislation relating to child care is the Child Care Act 1991, which contains provisions relating to the care, protection and welfare of children in Ireland (Government of Ireland, 1991). This Act contains 7 parts which covers the promotion of child welfare, including taking children into care, homeless children and adoption services; rules on the protection of children in emergencies and care orders; jurisdiction and procedures to ensure the welfare of the child is paramount in court proceedings; rules relating to children in care; and rules on the supervision of pre-school services and children’s residential centres. Under this Act, the Health Service Executive (HSE) has a duty to ensure the welfare of those children who are not receiving adequate care and protection through identification of children at risk, and the provision of child care and family support services. Other key legislative provisions include the Domestic Violence Act 1996; Protection for Persons Reporting Child Abuse Act 1998; The Data Protection Act 1988; the Education Act 1998; the Non-Fatal Offences Against the Person Act 1997; and the Freedom of Information Act 1997. Strategies and guidelines The Children First: National Guidelines for the Protection and Welfare of Children guidelines (DoHC, 1999a) aim to offer assistance in identifying, reporting and responding to child abuse. Importantly, these guidelines promote an understanding of the relevant contribution of the different professions in cases of child abuse; in particular, the role of public health nurses in carrying out enquiries in cases where there are child protection concerns and where they already have a close relationship with the family involved. These guidelines highlight the need for family-centred child care and protection and the formation of effective partnerships for consistent service provision, as well as serving as a framework for multidisciplinary and inter-agency working practices. Throughout, the welfare of the child is emphasised as of paramount importance. Wider areas addressed within these guidelines include underage pregnancy, peer abuse, bullying, vulnerable children, abuse outside of the hom e, allegations of abuse against employees and volunteers, and organised abuse. The Best Health for Children: Developing a Partnership with Families strategy (DoHC, 1999b) is based on a model that focuses on a holistic approach to child health promotion encompassing emotional and psychological aspects of health in addition to physical health. This strategy also acknowledges the importance of the family in this process, particularly the value of parental observations and concerns about their children. This report outlines a core programme for child health surveillance which documents the role of the public health nurse in making home visits soon after birth and throughout the child’s early development. A follow-up report published in 2005 (DoHC, 2005) has reviewed the original programme and made recommendations for greater observation of child behaviour and development and increased awareness of the determinants of child health, together with the formation of partnerships between parents and healthcare professionals to improve child health outcomes. Role of the public health nurse Public health nurses often carry out home-based parental assessment and ongoing surveillance, particularly working with high-risk families; however, in these situations, it can be difficult to build a trusting, supportive relationship if parents feel threatened, powerless, or concerned about possible action being taken against them. Marcellus proposed a framework of rational ethics to develop trusting relationships with high-risk families, based on four themes: mutual respect, engaged interaction, embodiment and creating environment (Marcellus, 2005). Current legislation, guidelines and strategies emphasise the need for improved child protection and care to ensure the welfare of all children. The public health nurse can play a key role in surveillance of high-risk families and may be among the first to detect child abuse. Competence in procedures for identification, reporting and responding to child abuse are therefore essential. The public health nurse works as part of a multidisciplinary team and should promote effective inter-agency partnerships for optimum service provision for children and their families. References Crisp, B. R. Lister, P. G. 2004, ‘Child protection and public health: nurses’ responsibilities’, Journal of Advanced Nursing, vol. 47, no. 6, pp. 656-63. Government of Ireland 1991, Child Care Act 1991. Retrieved 11th December 2008 from:  http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/1991/en/act/pub/0017/index.html Government of Ireland 2001, Children Act 2001. Retrieved 11th December 2008 from:  http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/2002/en/si/0151.html DoHC 1999a, Children First: National Guidelines for the Protection and Welfare of Children. Retrieved 11th December from:  http://www.dohc.ie/publications/children_first.html DoHC 1999b, Best Health for Children: Developing a Partnership with Families. Retrieved 11th December from:  http://www.hse.ie/eng/Publications/Children_and_Young_People/Best_Health_for_Children_Developing_a_Partnership_with_Families.pdf DoHC 2005, Best Health for Children Revisited. Retrieved 11th December from:  http://www.google.co.uk/search?hl=enq=Best+Health+for+Children+RevisitedbtnG=Searchmeta= Marcellus, L. 2005, ‘The ethics of relation: public health nurses and child protection clients’, Journal of Advanced Nursing, vol. 51, no. 4, pp. 414-20. United Nations 1989, UN Convention on the Rights of the Child: the articles. Retrieved 11th December 2008 from:http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/k2crc.htm Maths Teaching Guide: Geometrical Constructions Maths Teaching Guide: Geometrical Constructions 12 Geometrical Constructions You know using various instruments of the geometry box-ruler, compass, protractor, divider, set square etc. construction of lines and angles. construction of perpendicular and perpendicular bisector to a line construction of angle bisectors. Construction of special angles like 15 °,30 °,45 °,60 °,75 °,90 °,105 °,120 °,135 °,150 °,175 ° You will learn construction of parallel lines using different techniques- paper folding, set square and using compass. to identify whether a triangle can be constructed with the given measurements. construction of triangles with given measurement of sides and angles. We know parallel lines are lines that never meet. Now let us learn to construct parallel lines. Construction of parallel lines using ruler and set squares To construct a parallel line to a given line from a given point Steps for construction: 1.Draw a line l and take a point O outside the line.O 2.Place any side of the set square forming the rightl angle along the line l. 3.Place the ruler along the other side of the set square forming a right angle as shown. This ruler is to be kept fixed.O l 4.Slide the set square along the ruler upwards such that point O lies along the arm of the set square. O l 5.Remove the ruler and draw a line along the setOm square. Name this line as ml m is the required line parallel to l ∠´ l à ¯Ã‚ £Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ £Ã‚ ¬m Om l Construction of parallel lines using ruler and compass Steps for construction: 1. Draw a line l and take a point A outside the line. A l 2. Take any point B on the line. Join A to B. A l B 3. With B as the centre and any convenient radius, draw an arc intersecting line l at P and AB at Q. A Q l BP 4. With A as the centre and the same radius draw an arc to intersect AB at R. A Q l BP 5. With the compass measure the distance between points P and Q. 6. With R as the centre and radius equal to PQ, draw an arc intersecting the previous arc at S SA Q l BP 7. Draw a line through A and S. m is the required line parallel to l passing through the point A. l à ¯Ã‚ £Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ £Ã‚ ¬m SAm Q l BP Remember only one line can be drawn through A which is parallel to l. Lab Activity We have already studied parallel lines and their properties. We know that when 2 parallel lines are intersected by a transversal, the alternate angles so formed are equal. The above construction has been done using the same property. When 2 parallel lines are intersected by a transversal, then the corresponding angles so formed are also equal. Using this property, construct a pair of parallel lines. To construct a parallel line to a given line at a given distance To draw a parallel line at a fixed distance from a given line follow the steps given below Draw line l. Construct a perpendicular on the given line. Take a point at the given distance on the perpendicular. Construct a parallel line at that point as in the previous construction. Example 1Draw a line l. Draw another line m parallel to l at a distance of 4 cm from it. Solution To construct a line parallel to a given line at a fixed distance from it we will follow the following steps Take a point C on the line l. Draw a perpendicular at the point C. On the perpendicular mark a point at a distance of 4 cm from C (say G). At G draw a GH perpendicular to CG. Since GH ⊠¥ CG and CG ⊠¥ l ∠´ l à ¯Ã‚ £Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ £Ã‚ ¬ GH GHm F DE l ACB (since the sum of the interior angles on the same side of the transversal CG is 180 °) Thus, m à ¯Ã‚ £Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ £Ã‚ ¬ l at a distance of 4 cm from l. Exercise 12.1 1.Draw a line AB = 6 cm. Mark a point P anywhere outside the line AB. Draw a line CD parallel to line AB passing through the point P a.  by drawing alternate angles b.  by drawing corresponding angles. 2.  Draw a line AB. Draw a line CD perpendicular to line AB. Now on CD mark a point P at a distance of 4.5 cm from C. At the point P draw a line parallel to given line AB. 3.  Refer to the figure given alongside. Construct a line parallel to AB passingD  through the point P. Draw another line parallel to CD also through the  point P. Name the geometrical plane figure so formedP AB C 5.  Draw a line XY= 8 cm. On the line XY mark a point A, 3 cm from X. At the point A draw a perpendicular AB to the line XY. Mark a point M on AB at a distance of 4 cm from A. draw a line CD parallel to XY passing through M. 6.  Draw a line parallel to a given line at a distance of 5.5 cm from it. Construction of triangles A A triangle is a three sided closed figure. It has 6 elements -3 sides and 3 angles. For triangle ABC given alongside, sides are AB, BC, and CA and the angles are ∠ ABC, ∠ BCA and ∠ CBA However to construct a triangle uniquely, we do not need the measure of all six parts. A triangle can be drawn with a definite given size if any BC of the 3 conditions given below are fulfilled. ÂÅ   The three sides of the triangle are given SSS criterion Two sides and the included angle are given SAS criterion. One side and any two angles are given AAS criterion or ASA criterion. Use a compass to draw angles of special measures 15 °, 30 °, 45 °, 60 °, 75 °, 90 °, 105 °, 120 °, 135 ° etc). For others you can use a protractor to construct triangles with given angles. Remember: A triangle cannot be constructed if 3 angles are given since the length of sides can vary. The triangles will be of the same shape; however the length of the sides will be different. Two sides and the non – included angles are given. Before we construct triangles we should make a rough sketch showing all the given measures. Construction of triangles when 3 sides are given. A triangle can be drawn only when the sum of any two sides is greater than the third side. When three sides of a triangle are given, check whether the sum of any two sides is greater than the third side. If yes, only then the construction is possible. Example 1Which of the following can be the sides of a triangle? a.12,24, 11b.10, 5, 7 Solution a.Add the sides by taking two at a time 12 + 24 > 11 24 + 12 > 15 However 11+12 < 24, hence these measures cannot be the sides of a triangle b.Add the sides by taking two at a time 10 + 5 >7 5 + 7 >10 10 + 7 >5 Since the sum of any two sides is greater than the third side hence these measures can be the measures of a triangle. Example 2Construct a triangle ABC such that AB = 6 cm, BC = 5 cm and CA = 9 cm. Solution In triangle ABC, 9 + 6 > 5, 6 + 5 > 9, 9 + 5 > 6 ∠´ triangle ABC can be constructed. Steps of Construction Draw a rough sketch of the triangle ABC. C 9 cm5 cm A6 cmB Draw a line segment AB = 6 cm A6 cmB With A as the centre and radius = AC=9 cm draw an arc A6 cmB With B as centre and radius = BC= 5 cm draw another arc to intersect the previous arc at C A6 cmB Join A to C and B to C. Triangle ABC is the required triangle. C 9 cm 5 cm A6 cmB Example 3Construct a triangle PQR with PQ = 7 cm, QR = 6 cm and ∠ PQR = 60 °. Solution: Steps of Construction Draw a rough sketch of the triangle PQR R 6 cm 60à ¢- ¦ P7 cmQ Draw a line segment PQ of measure 7 cm. P7 cmQ Using a protractor or a compass construct an angle of 60 °Ã‚  at the point P. X 60 ° P7 cmQ With P as the centre and the radius = PR = 6 cm draw an arc to intersect XP at a point R X R 6 cm 60 ° P7 cmQ Join RQ.X Triangle PQR is the required triangle. R 6 cm 60 ° P7 cmQ To construct a triangle when two angles and the included sides are given- ASA construction Example 4Construct a triangle ABC with ∠ B = 60 °, ∠ C = 70 ° and BC = 8 cm. Draw a rough sketch of the triangle ABC A 6 cm 60 °70 ° B8 cmC Draw a line segment BC of length = 8 cm B8 cmC At B draw ∠ PBC = 60 ° using a compass P 60 ° B8 cmC At C draw ∠ QCB = 70 ° using a protractor the point off intersection of PB and QC is the vertex A. Triangle ABC is the required triangle. QP A 6 cm 60 °70 ° B8 cmC To construct a triangle when two angles and the side not included between the angles is given- AAS construction To construct a triangle when the side is not the included side in the given angles, we will first the third angle using the angle sum property and then consider the given side and the two angles that include that side to construct the triangle using ASA construction criterion. Example 5Construct a triangle PQR with ∠ P = 110 °, ∠ Q= 30 ° and QR = 6.5 cm. Solution: The given side QR is not the included side between the given angles ∠ P and ∠  Q. ∠´ let us find the third angle ∠ R, using the angle sum property We know sum of angles of a triangle = 180 °. ∠ P + ∠  Q + ∠ R = 180 ° ⇒ 110 ° + 30 ° +∠ R = 180 ° ⇒ ∠ R = 180 ° 140 ° = 40 ° Now we can use the ASA construction criterion to construct triangle PQR with ∠ Q =30 °, ∠ R = 40 ° and QR = 6.5 cm. The steps of construction will be the same as in the previous construction Rough sketch PAB P 30 ° 40 ° Q6.5 cmR 30 °40 ° Q6.5 cmR To construct a right triangle when the hypotenuse and one side are given.RHS construction This construction is only for right angled triangles when the hypotenuse and one side are given. One angle is 90 ° as it is a right triangle. Example 6Construct a right triangle XYZ right angled at X with hypotenuse YZ = 5 cm and XY = 3 cm Solution: Since it is a right triangle right angled at X ∠´ ∠ X = 90 °, YZ = 5 cm and XY = 3 Steps of construction Draw a rough sketch of the triangle XYZ Z 5 cm X3 cmY Draw a line segment XY = 3 cm. X3 cmY At X draw ∠ AXY = 90 ° using a compass A 90 ° X3 cmY With Y as the centre and radius 5 cm , draw an arc to intersect AX at Z. A Z 90 ° X3 cmY Join YZ Triangle XYZ is the required triangle. A Z 5 cm 90 ° X3 cmY Remember in a right triangle, the hypotenuse is the longest side. Exercise 12.3 1.  Given below are some measurements of sides, which of the following can be the sides of a triangle. a. 6,8,12 b. 5,9,6 c. 11,6,6 d. 80,15,60 e. 8,6,10 f. 6,6,6 2.  Which of the following measures will form a triangle? Why or why not? a.∠ A = 45 °, ∠ B = 80 °, ∠ C = 65 ° b.∠ X = 30 °, XY = 5.6 cm, XZ = 3.8 cm c.AB = 7 cm, BC = 10 cm, CA = 6 cm d.∠ B = 60 °, ∠ A = 80 °, AC = 5 cm 2.  Construct a triangle ABC with each side measuring 6 cm. Measure the three angles of the triangle so formed. 3.  Construct a right triangle PQR right angled at P with PQ = 4 cm and PR = 6 cm. 4.  Construct a triangle XYZ with ∠ X = 60 °, ∠ Y = 45 ° and XY = 7 cm. 5.  Construct a triangle PQR with PQ = 6 cm, PR = 8 cm and ∠ Q = 75 °. 6.  Construct a triangle ABC with AB = 5 cm, BC = 6 cm, ∠ B = 105 ° 7.  Construct a triangle LMN with LM = LN = 5.8 cm, MN = 4. 6. What special name is given to such a triangle? 8.  Construct a right triangle ABC with AB = 5.5 cm, BC =8.5 cm and ∠ A = 90 ° 9.  Construct a triangle PQR with ∠ P = 45 °, ∠ Q = 75 ° and PQ = 5.5 cm Construct a triangle PQR with measures of sides PQ = 4.6 cm, QR = 5.6 cm and PR = 6.5 cm. 1.Draw the angle bisectors of ∠ P and ∠ Q. let these intersect each otherR at the point O. 2. From the point O draw a perpendicular to any side of the triangle. Name the point where it meets the side as M. 3. With O as the centre and radius OM draw a circle.O Does the circle touch all the sides of the triangle? Such a circle is called an inscribed circle and the centre is known as the  incentre.PMQ Can you draw another circle larger than this which can fit into the triangle? No the inscribed circle is the largest circle that will fit inside the triangle. Math Lab Activity Objective: to make students familiar with constructions Materials required: compass, ruler, paper, pencil and colours. Method: Each student will work individually to create a drawing of his/her initials using the parallel, perpendicular, and segment bisector constructions 1.Make a sketch of your initials and identify where each construction will be used. It is necessary to use at least one Ã…   perpendicular line through a point on a line, Ã…   perpendicular line through a point not on a line, Ã…   parallel line through a point not on the line,  other constructions what you have learned can H I J K L M N Ã…   also be used. 2.Construct using a compass and a ruler. 3.Colour the alphabets and make them as creative as you can. Hint: constructions will be easy if you use the straight lined alphabets as Recollections OPQRSTU V W X Y Z A parallel line can be drawn to a given line from a given point A parallel line to a given line can be drawn at a given distance from it. A triangle has 6 elements in all- 3 sides and 3 angles. A triangle is possible only if the sum of any 2 sides is greater than the third side. Construction of triangles is possible given the following criterions when 3 sides are given. SSS when two sides and an included angle are given.SAS when two angles and the included sides are given.ASA construction when two angles and the side not included between the angles is given. AAS construction a right triangle when the hypotenuse and one side are given. RHS construction Formative assessment 1.Fill in the blanks a.The sum of angles of a triangle is . b.A triangle has elements. c.If 2 angles and the side are given, a triangle can be constructed. d.In a triangle PQR, ∠  P = 45 °, PQ = 7.5 cm and PR = 6.3 cm, then triangle PQR can be constructed using criterion. e.To construct a triangle with given sides, the sum of 2 sides should be than the third side. 2.Which of the following can be the sides of a triangle? a.4 cm, 6 cm, 5 cm.b.2 cm, 5 cm, 4 cmc.8 cm, 6 cm, 12 cm d.5 cm, 6 cm, 12 cm 3.Construct a triangle ABC with the following measurements: a.AB = 5 cm, BC = 7 cm, AC = 13 cm.b.∠ A = 45 °, ∠ B= 65 °, AB = 7 cm. 4.Draw a line parallel to a given line at a distance of 7.5 cm from it. 5.How many lines parallel to a given line can be drawn through a point outside the line? Why? Review Exercise 1.Draw a line segment AB = 6.4 cm. On AB take any point P. At P draw perpendicular PQ to AB. On PQ mark a point at 5 cm from P. Draw a line parallel to given line AB. 2.Draw a right triangle PQR right angled at Q with PQ = 7 cm , QR = 6 cm. through P draw a line parallel to QR and through R draw a line parallel to PQ intersecting each other at S. measure PS and RS. What is the name of the figure so obtained? 3.Construct an isosceles triangle ABC with AB = AC= 7.5 cm and ∠ A = 75 °. 4.Construct an equilateral triangle LMN with each side measuring 6 cm. 5.Construct a right triangle XYZ with XY = 6.5 cm, YZ =8.5 cm and ∠ X = 90 °. 6.Construct an obtuse triangle ABC with ∠ B = 135  °, AB = 7 cm, BC = 8 cm. 7.Construct a triangle PQR with ∠ P = 55 °, ∠ Q = 65 ° and PQ = 6.3 cm 8.Construct a triangle ABC with ∠ A = ∠ B =75 °, and AB = 7.4 cm. What is the special name given to such a triangle? 9.Construct a triangle XYZ with XY = 5.4 cm and ∠ X=60 °, ∠ Z = 60 °. Measure the length of YZ and XZ. What is the special name given to such a triangle? 10.Construct a triangle ABC with the ∠ B = 105 °, AB= 6.3 cm and BC = 5.6 cm.